Yet, as emphasized by the Norwegian Foreign Policy Institute (NUPI), given the high degree of secrecy around these issues, we do not know the division of labor between PST [Police Security Service], NSM [National Security Authority] and the Intelligence Service here, but it can be demanding to maintain concrete and formal distinctions between acquisition, impact operations, and security measures in the digital space. This group teamed with current operational military and civilian experts to compare Navy's cybersecurity governance structures against best practices from both government and industry for alignment of authority, accountability, and responsibility. >> The responsibilities of the agency include coordinating of the national cyber defense strategy, protecting state information networks,Footnote10 regulating critical infrastructure and the private sector, certifying products, and hosting the national Computing Emergency Response Team. The Netherlands presented a military cyber doctrine in 2019. Developing cyber defense capabilities for military aircraft JSCU is a collaboration between the two Dutch intelligence and security services the MIVD and the General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD). This not only makes it difficult to select and impact targets, but it also makes it hard to attract and maintain the necessary human skills (Smeets Citation2021). According to Stphane Taillat (Citation2019), a significant part of offensive cyber operations is the responsibility of the DGSE and lies outside of the French military cyber strategy. We formally analyse security gains and return on investment ratio of DHR in single-node model and defense-chain model scenarios, respectively, and show the relationships between the main parameters of DHR . /Annots [35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 202 0 obj <> endobj This paper explores how the Netherlands, France, and Norway organize their cyber capabilities at the intersection of intelligence services and military entities and provides recommendations for policy and research development in the field. This arrangement is a good example of the cooperation between NATO and Finland it is practical, substantial and at the same time mutually beneficial. The selection of the three countries rests on a combination of pragmatic reasoning in terms minimizing the language barrier and achieving access to interviewees, and the fact that the countries represent a large-, a medium-, and a small-sized European country with ambitious cybersecurity policies and long-term publicly declared ambitions of developing offensive cyber capabilities. This development finds support in the Strategic Vision of the Chief of Defense Staff from October 2021. Organizing cyber capability between military and intelligence, The Netherlands: organizational collaboration, Conclusion: future paths for policy and research, https://english.defensie.nl/topics/cyber-security/cyber-command, https://www.ihemi.fr/articles/organisation-france-europe-cybersecurite-cyberdefense-V2. /Rotate 0 hb```r ea8IYiX 'oqB"&QVHQDd"X::2::P *0bi=|%X5d%ZT~8d-Xb`ZEQS| 245 0 obj <>stream << 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. /Length 186 6 0 obj This broad perception of offensive capabilities is deliberately chosen to allow for the empirics to speak rather than an overly restrictive pregiven conceptualization. Declaration by the High Representative Josep Borrell on Behalf of the EU: European Union Response to Promote International Security and Stability in Cyberspace, Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on respect for the rules-based order in cyberspace, RECOMMENDATIONS COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION (EU) 2017/1584 of 13 September 2017 on coordinated response to large-scale cybersecurity incidents and crises [L 239/36], Resilience, Deterrence and Defence: Building strong cybersecurity for the EU [JOIN(2017) 450 final], Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on ENISA, the "EU Cybersecurity Agency", and repealing Regulation (EU) 526/2013, and on Information and Communication Technology cybersecurity certification (''Cybersecurity Act''), Council Conclusions on a Framework for a Joint EU Diplomatic Response to Malicious Cyber Activities ("Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox"), Draft Council Conclusions on a Framework for a Joint EU Diplomatic Response to Malicious Cyber Activities ("Cyber Diplomacy Toolbox") - Adoption, Directive on Security of Network and Information Systems, Draft Council Conclusions on Cyber Diplomacy European Council, 11 February 2015, Cybersecurity Strategy of the European Union: An Open, Safe and Secure Cyberspace ["2013 Cybersecurity Strategy"], EU Cyber Security Strategy open, safe and secure, Cyber Security strategy and Proposal for a Directive, Proposal for a Directive on Attacks Against Information Systems, Repealing Framework Decision 2005/222/JHA (MEMO/10/463), Council Framework Decision 2005/222/JHA of 24 February 2005 on Attacks Against Information Systems, National Cyber Strategy of the United States of America, Cyberspace Operations - Joint Publication 312, Cyber and Electromagnetic Activities: Joint Doctrine Note 1/18, Department of Defense Cyber Strategy 2018, Joint UK-Australia Statement on Cyber Co-operation, [Resolution] Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that the United States should develop and adopt a comprehensive cybersecurity policy, Presidential Policy Directive -- United States Cyber Incident Coordination, Report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security, Executive Order -- Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, H.R. How do I access the full text of journal articles ? Registered in England & Wales No. /Font 51 0 R The primary tasks of the unit are the collection of signal intelligence and the delivery of intelligence through cyber operations. The Cyber Defense is responsible for conducting defensive cyber operations, and the Intelligence Service coordinates between offensive and defensive cyber operations. Belgium, Mon - Thu: 10:00 - 17:00 The President made clear that his first priority is to protect the United States, allies, and partners. PDF Inmarsat Maritime - Cyber security requirements for IMO 2021 /Subtype /Link B-1110 Brussels Fifth, it remains unclear how defensive cyber- It improves operational effectiveness and provides a mechanism to enhance integration and resource development. Modly outlines the strategy for how the Department of the Navy will achieve the goals set forth in Education for Seapower. %%EOF It also contains a series of powers and procedures such as the search of computer networks and interception. Naval Academy, Naval Postgraduate School, and Naval and Marine War Colleges, along with a fresh look at the relationships with civilian academic institutions and corporate learning structures. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). In military operations the Intelligence Service coordinates the activity with the Armed Forces operational headquarters (FOH). << The strategy directs follow-on implementation efforts for U.S. Navy and Marine Corps counterparts to identify initiatives to be a modern, lethal, agile force that can fight and win anywhere in the world. 111th Congress (2009-2010), Senate Bill 3480 (S.3480). Despite their divergence in organizing cyber capabilities, the three countries converge on the assumption that both responding to cyber conflict short of war and developing military cyber power are dependent on the skills, information, and infrastructure of intelligence services. It provided the Russian intelligence service with the ability to infect SolarWind users. As stressed by Claver (Citation2018, 168), all three organizations are very different in procedures, operating style, tasks, and outlook. Language in the 2017 National Defense Authorization Act called for the elevation of U.S. Cyber Command's status and the end of the "dual-hat" role for its leader. Author (s): Arts, Sophie. This strategy is intended to position the United States to respond effectively to challenges and emerging opportunities arising from significant increases in Arctic activity due to the diminishment of sea ice and the emergence of a new Arctic environment. /Rect [0.0 763.81604 612.0 792.0] The organizational separation contains multiple ambiguities. endobj ^6y~(L n7)l# 8Py. Report is in response to your request to conduct an independent Cybersecurity Readiness Review following the loss of significant amounts of Department of the Navy data. PDF for Defense Cybersecurity - Defense Acquisition University Architecting Cyber Defense: A Survey of the Leading Cyber Reference /CropBox [0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0] Issued by the Heads of State and Government participating in the meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels 11-12 July 2018. While the Dutch model strongly notes the need for collaboration between the DCC and the intelligence services, it remains ambiguous how they complement each other in practice and how organizational collaboration is supposed to fulfill goals of increased effectiveness, synergy, and flexibility. This seems to overcome some of the challenges to organizational collaboration pointed out above, but the extent to which this is the case is hard to say, as it is unclear how intelligence and military operations complement each other in practice. This Arctic Strategic Outlook describes the United States Navy's strategic approach to protect U.S. national interests and promote stability in the Arctic. The Top Five Cybersecurity Defense Insights for 2020 | 2020-06-11 While future platforms are designed with cybersecurity in mind, the current fleet of military aircraft was not always, and may be vulnerable to cyberattacks Characteristics that are not meant to be fully comparable or generalizable, but rather to be discussed, explored, and questioned in future empirically driven research on the development and deployment of cyber capabilities in Europe. Educating the civil aviation workforce . This would, inter alia, lead to the creation of a duplication of capabilities, resulting in an unclear distinction between offensive cyber operations inside and outside military operations. 8 Fleet Secure Endpoint - installation and use 30 - Dashboard and alerting 30 - Fleet Secure Endpoint use in context 31 9 Cyber security, Crew Training and Awareness 32 10 Fleet Secure Endpoint - real case studies 34 11 Conclusion and Next Steps 36 White Paper Cyber security requirements for IMO 2021 CYBER SECURITY endobj This creates risks that operational capability and activity may be mismatched with broader strategic or governance goals, that the military and intelligence entities operate with different purposes and goals, that political decision-making is hampered, and that democratic oversight is hindered. << /Author (U.S. Fleet Cyber Command,U.S. The head of the National Security Agency and Cyber Command may soon be two different jobs and the Defense Department will have a new "joint unified . cybersecurity suffers from institutional frag-mentation and a weak financial base. Shayna Gersher. /Version /1.5 Burton and Christou (Citation2021, 1727) observe how more and more international actors develop and use offensive cyber tools for a broad range of strategic purposes, including espionage, subversion, coercion, war-fighting and hybrid warfare campaigns. xmAN0Es 9viAHH&b:.$gcoO2wv$-q(3%S.PB4JX-qX3svv==Pr@YCRLKJ"ib5s@'DB&r]~OSu\Yyd9SB,-Oxot.s l[3`gvnal?8f,^OiV"2v(q$ Bb NATO and North Macedonia strengthen responses to cyber threats(19 February 2021). NATO Allies Offensive Cyber Policy : A Growing Divide ? Hence, the DCC is primarily able to act as coordinator and operational hub when it comes to the deployment of Dutch offensive cyber operations in armed conflict (Claver Citation2018, 169). Acting Secretary of the Navy Thomas Modly outlines his three broad priorities for leadership up and down the chain of command. Lawrence Michelon, a senior electronics engineer for the Systems Design and Integration Branch at Carderocks Combatant Craft Division in Norfolk, receives the Rear Adm. George W. Melville Award for engineering excellence at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division Honor Awards ceremony Aug. 1, 2017, in West Bethesda, Md. In doing so, it speaks to four strands of cybersecurity literature touching upon military and intelligence entities.Footnote4 First, scholars have pointed out that the central (state) actors conducting cyber operations are intelligence agencies, and deceptive cyber operations, therefore, form part of an intelligence contest (Gartzke and Lindsay Citation2015; Rovner Citation2020). 7 0 obj This article provides a first step in closing that gap by offering a dedicated perspective on the organization of offensive cyber capabilities across three European countries. It has been replaced by the competition-dispute-confrontation triptych (Burkhard Citation2021, 8). Commonwealth Heads of Government (20 April 2018), United Kingdom Ministry of Defence (February 2018), US Congress, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, (16 March 2017), Department of Defense, United States (April 2015), 112th Congress (2011-2012), Senate Bill 3523 (H.R. Second, there is much ambiguity related to attribution, intention, and effect of cyber operations (Buchanan Citation2016). First, cyber operations are often custom-made combinations of intelligence, intrusion, and attack (Smeets Citation2018). Chief of Naval Operations Adm. John Richardson released 'A Design for Maintaining Maritime Superiority, Version 2.0,' Dec. 17, 2018. %%EOF /Parent 2 0 R /C [0.718 0.329 0.0] /Resources 33 0 R Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? This document provides a discussion of how Naval Aviation leadership intends to support "A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower," and is aligned to the Chief of Naval Operations' guidance, "A Design for Maintaining Maritime Superiority," and the Commandant of the Marine Corps' "FRAGO 01/2016: Advance to Contact." The National Strategy for the Arctic Region sets forth the United States Government's strategic priorities for the Arctic region. >> Recent cyber incidents such as the SolarWinds,Footnote1 the Microsoft ExchangeFootnote2, and the Colonial PipelineFootnote3 hacks demonstrate how malicious cyber operations continue to question the demarcation lines between war and peace, military and civilian, and internal and external security. endstream In the following, the three first of these are deployed as starting points for examining the organization of French cyber capabilities. Like many companies and organizations across the world, the Navy is facing threats from both individual "lone-wolf kind of actors" and attacks from nation-states, said Vice Adm . 3523 - Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act, President Ilves at Harvard University: all members of NATO must share a common understanding of cyber security, Congressional Testimony: U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Securing Americas Future: The Cybersecurity Act of 2012., International Cyber Diplomacy: Promoting Openness, Security and Prosperity in a Networked World, International Strategy for Cyberspace : Prosperity, Security, and Openness in a Networked World, Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010, Cyberspace Policy Review : Assuring a Trusted and Resilient Information and Communications Infrastructure, The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace. Cybersecurity scholarship has also investigated the organization of both military cyber entities (Pernik Citation2020, Smeets Citation2019) and offensive cyber capabilities (Smeets 2018). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 1 page (14 July 2011), INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (latest version is dated 2013), Both ISO 27001 and ISO 27002 can be purchased online here: http://www.standards-online.net/InformationSecurityStandard.htm. /Creator (U.S. Fleet Cyber Command,U.S. A cyber command function outside the Intelligence Service will, for Norway, be an unfortunate and costly solution. As an arctic and maritime nation, U.S . Conceptions, Causes and Assessment, A Matter of Time: on the Transitory Nature of Cyberweapons, Integrating Offensive Cyber Capabilities: meaning, Dilemmas, and Assessment, Cyber Arms Transfer: Meaning, Limits, and Implications, Securing Cyberspace: How States Design Governance Arrangements. NATO will continue to adapt to the evolving cyber threat landscape. 1 DDY d#E& m >> % This article has demonstrated significant divergence in organizing cyber capabilities across military and intelligence in the Netherlands, France, and Norway. The sinew of maneuver across all domains is the network. Consequently, the paper neither provides an exhaustive conceptualization of the organization of cyber capabilities, nor a set of fully fledged policy prescriptions of the requirements for intelligence services or military cyber commands to conduct specific cyber operations. This includes protecting the information systems of the defense and for developing, coordinating, and deploying military cyber operations. This raises concern that the operational cyber capability of the Netherlands is hampered by the current organizational structure and legal mandate. /Keywords (Cybersecurity, Spectrum, Telecommunications, Wireless) First, the ANSSI can respond to a computer attack affecting the national security of France by carrying out the technical operations necessary to characterize the attack and neutralize its effects by accessing the information systems that are at the origin of the attack (Gry Citation2020). Cyber Defence: Cyber threats to the security of the Alliance are complex, destructive and coercive, and are becoming ever more frequent. The "Blueprint" for a coordinated response to large-scale cybersecurity incidents and crises at the Union level. The paper thereby sheds light on a pressing cybersecurity policy and governance issue that has received scarce political and academic attention. 11 The French defence procurement and technology agency (DGA) is responsible for project management, development, and purchase of weapon systems for the French military. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Organizing cyber capability across military and intelligence entities: collaboration, separation, or centralization, National Cyber Crisis Management: Different European Approaches, Hackers, Wiz Kids, en Offensieve Cyberoperaties, Bridging the Gap between Cyberwar and Cyberpeace, Cyber Security Meets Security Politics: Complex Technology, Fragmented Politics, and Networked Science, Intelligence Reform and the Transformation of the State: The End of a French Exception, A New Role for the Public? hkkH|d~HRhmUdc+llb7,B4sn3s9c%LidC309O/Im-^#Zl# 3 A ransomware attack allegedly carried out by Russian criminals.