effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana

importance of rapid urbanisation includes the following: towns and cities become resilient and In traditional society, the wider family was the primary place where an individual exercised his or her freedom. The sign of the marginal effect for the youth dummy is not consistent and often insignificant in the regressions. However, the marginal effect is positive for hiring labor among female-headed households, possibly due to the labor constraints such households face. Betty Bingome and Gilbert M. Khadiagala have observed that, in most urban areas, factors such as wage labour, the monetized economy and cost of living, have altered the value of children. Still, there are too many missing variables in the regressions to test any causal relationships (e.g., we are unable to control for wages or missing household effects), but they do reveal some interesting patterns of association. The chapter further tests the induced innovation hypothesis, which predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices. Survey data. The factors driving mechanization are explored more fully in Chapter 9. Notes: Agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed rural households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. employment opportunities, wealth creation leading to increase in income, municipal Effects of Population Increase on Housing as Land use in Ghana Impact Of Urbanization In Ghana - 1231 Words | Internet Public Nearly 32% of Sub-Saharan Africa lived in urban areas in 1996, up from 11% in 1950. According to him, urbanization occurred mainly because of rural-urban migration and not the other factors that people believe. It is also possible that better access to public transportation allows farmers to get access to market through traders who can come to villages directly. Mapping Division, among others charged with the responsibility of regulating and managing However, these changes in the distribution of rural households by farm size seem not to have affected the average farm sizes of small, medium, and large farms (Figure 5.5). WebThe extended family served as a source of shelter as well as providing for the eco- nomic, religious, legal and recreational needs of its urban members. An alternative approach would be to capture the effect of proximity to cities using a gravity model as done by Binswanger-Mkhize et al. Many marriages are now neolocal, where couples live far from their families. The spatial morphology of urban areas cannot be overlooked when looking at urbanisation and It was through parents, grandparents and other members that one learned about religious and spiritual heritage. Urbanization has diversified rural livelihood opportunities, leading to significant growth in the share of rural households engaged primarily in the nonfarm economy. plans in a form of monitoring and evaluation to ensure that, work proceeds according to plan and * p<0.1. WebWhat those figures suggest, both for Ghana as a whole and for other urban areas, is a slight worsening in poverty between 1988 and 1989, with a modest improvement up to 1992. Through various rites of passage, one progressively became a fuller member of society and took on a role in ensuring the survival of the group through marriage and procreation. We find that the effect of urbanization itself is strong, evident, and complex, and persists after we control for the effects of age, cohort, union status, and education. The family is a unit of production, consumption, reproduction and accumulation. The decline was most marked in Southern big city districts (from 42 percent to 12 percent). development. Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. Accra. Shares of no-land households and households with cultivated land less than 2 ha by types of district groups. Additionally, areas zoned for greenery open space to give aesthetic beauty to the urban landscape In the probit regressions here, the probability of fertilizer use and using other inputs and mechanization and hiring labor increases significantly with farm size. As ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. We only report the marginal effects of the probit estimation in Table 5.9. In the traditional pre-colonial society, polygamy was practiced and such marriages contributed to the extension of family relationships by incorporating many people. On average, 37.1% of the total is in that sector. Changes in family structures reflect the enduring tensions between traditional, Christian/religious and modern values and structures. Not only did countries become greatly dependent upon one another, but it has also influenced peoples lifestyles and the global economy. First, are patterns of rural employment in Ghana changing with urbanization and are those changes related in any systematic way with proximity to urban centers of different sizes? WebUrbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. Rural households defined as agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. Since 1984, annual GDP has grown rapidly, averaging 5.7 percent. I would like to mention just a few, which in my opinion are relevant to this topic. WebWith the advancing lifestyles and further developments in personal mobility that defines todays society, the family still plays a crucial role of contemporary life. Another general result is that households are poorer than nonagricultural households in both regions, a pattern that did not change between 2005/6 and 2012/13. governments able to provide infrastructure services at cheaper cost due to concentration and Pingali, Prabhu, Yves Bigot, and Hans P. Binswanger. Urbanization has had important impacts on rural livelihoods, increasing the share of rural households engaged in the nonfarm economy. Therefore, the chapter develops a spatial typology of seven types of districts based on their city population size and location in the north or south of the country and examines the share of households employed in agriculture, nonagriculture, or both across these different district types. The extended family was and is also a means of mutual support. must be made to minimise the effects, and thus enhance or maximise the benefits of the process. Urbanisation has made He discusses how the production levels of this time period, due to the feudal system, used to favor an agrarian culture and then how the process of urbanization intensified during the 1900s, especially in Great Britain. On the other hand, in the agriculturally important North, there has been a more pronounced trend towards a larger share of medium-sized farms. Finally, what are the impacts on household livelihoods and welfare outcomes? Urbanization is affecting this pattern, though. services. Although the South covers a much smaller land area than the North, the 2010 census shows that 73 percent of the total population and 63 percent of the rural population live in the South. The average farm size for the small farms with less than 2 ha is about 0.91 and 0.95 ha in 2005/6 (GLSS5) and 2012/13 (GLSS6), respectively, at the national level, and 3.02 ha and 3.05 ha for the farm size group of 25 ha in these two rounds of the surveys, while farms of 520 ha in size have become marginally smaller on average. The family and home which are supposed to be the safest space for men, women and children have become sites of struggle, pain, abuse, neglect and disintegration. Copyright 2023 Eternal Word Television Network, Inc. Irondale, Alabama. Fertilizer use, particularly inorganic fertilizer, has increased significantly in Ghana from 3.7 kg NPK/ha arable land in 2002 to 35.8 kg/ha in 2013 (Chapter 4). WebThis chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. ^*ykZ^?]_f@C7Vnio~?Hm+?k}az84?6l6fjkyS/T)E~Fe&V/8MMW_UusKJAD=vw[wD\gy1k]uhJ1~>`/a& We know from earlier chapters that average per capita incomes have grown significantly in Ghana with the economic transformation, that the national poverty rate has fallen, and that a variety of other social welfare indicators (e.g., literacy, mortality rates) have also improved (Chapters 2 and 4). Additionally, some rural households classified as agriculture-only also report having nonfarm household enterprises, though these are likely to be seasonal or part-time activities. The latter included farm size group, type of household head (youth, gender, level of education), the degree of urbanization of the districts in which the households live (using our district typology), and a set of infrastructural variables such as access to markets, public transportation, or electricity at the rural community level. are not able to afford the cost of a plot of land due to urbanisation. This was offset by some increase in the shares of medium-sized farms (25 ha and 520 ha), while the share of farms larger than 20 ha remained at about 1 percent. This phenomenon was more prevalent in the relatively less urbanized districts, though its importance fell between 2005/6 and 2012/13 (GSS 2008; 2014not pictured in Figure 5.4). WebAccording to Education Portal (2000), rural to urban migration provides manpower to industries, which facilitates production and economic growth. Request Permissions, E. Wilbur Bock, Sugiyama Iutaka and Felix M. Berardo, International Journal of Sociology of the Family. that the output of the implementation of the policy could be measured. Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 6 (GLSS 6). WebAs ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods. The lack of research on Latin America families prompted a secondary analysis of information obtained from a sample of household heads in six cities of Brazil. The limited housing units available for consumption are not affordable to the urban poor. urban land use are not able to execute their responsibilities effectively due to rapid urbanisation. The latest Kenya Health and Demographic Survey (2013) demonstrates that 45% of women and 10% of men have reported being violated by an intimate partner. Moreover, the majority of the total population lives in districts with cities of at least 40,000 people in both regions; 40 percent of the rural population also lives in such districts. Industry grows in more urbanized areas. Urbanization trends indicate Urbanization is a process that has occurred, or is occurring, in nearly every part of the world that humans have inhabited. Table 5.6 also shows an inverse relationship between the degree of urbanization of a district and the share of farmers using fertilizer in both the North and South, i.e., the lower the level of urbanization for a district group, the higher percentage of farmers that use fertilizer. I have chosen as a basis for the discussion in this paper two sociological theories relevant to the relations between religion and urbanization. averted through obedience to plans and proper planning. More generally, fertilizer appears to be used mainly for offsetting declining soil fertility rather than intensification. Industry grows in more urbanized areas. (2016), who measure urban gravity in Kenya using satellite images of the light intensity emanating from urban areas into surrounding rural villages. Having been colonized repeatedly in the 1800s, Africas structures have changed due to colonization and were faced with challenges as many of the natural resources, which had provided income and structural support, were taken away. Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 5 (GLSS 5). Population densities by district group, 2000 and 2010 (people/km, Distribution of rural households by agricultural, nonagricultural, and mixed occupations across district groups (each type of districts total rural households = 100), Types of primary employment amongst non-agriculture-only households, by district type, 2000 and 2010, Rural poverty rate in the north and south across district groups, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2005/6, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using organic and inorganic fertilizer, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using herbicides or insecticides, 2012/13, Share of rural households using mechanization, 2012/13, Probit model regressions for input use, pooled data of GLSS5 and GLSS6, Scoping Study on the Evolution of Industry in Ghana. Urban growth coupled with ineffective urban planning Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Still, only 45 percent of farmers were using either organic or inorganic fertilizer in 2012/13 (GLSS6), and the share of farmers using fertilizer was nearly twice as high in the less-urbanized North than in the more-urbanized South (Table 5.6), which can be explained by problems with declining soil fertility in the North (Chapters 4 and 6) rather than urbanization. urban infrastructure and services; increasing urban insecurity; urban poverty, slums and squatter Institutions such as Town and Country Webbetween urbanization and the prevalence of contraceptives and reductions in fertility, surveys conducted in Kenya suggest that precipitous declines have affected all The remaining regions: Ashanti, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Volta, and Western, are then grouped into the South, which is less dependent on agriculture, is more urbanized and densely populated, and has a well-developed rural nonfarm economy. In this paper, the authors examined the effects Poverty has fallen in both the North and South of the country, but proportionally more so in the North. urban dwellers are jeopardized. For instance, due to rapid urbanisation In the probit analysis, female-headed households have a lower probability of using modern inputs, which is consistent with many other studies (Quisumbing 1995). Urbanization, as captured through our typology, has some significant but complex links with agricultural intensification. efforts are not put in place to curtail the situation. As such, more recent interpretations of the induced innovation theory (Pingali et al. WebPage 4 of 15 co-residence. The sign of marginal effect tends to be negative, if significant, for the other types of district groups in both North and South. Note: Farm size is defined according to cultivated farmland and only rural households with cultivated farmland are counted. It would seem that increased urbanization has helped some of the benefits from Ghanas economic transformation trickle down to the most rural of households. These patterns of change in household employment have also led to spatial patterns of change in the incidence of poverty. Berdegue, J., F. Carriazo, B. Jara et al. Despite the Industrial value added is also linked to urbanization. dSqR'!+@'^<6=+G}W_>&CJJ8osh+|J^K CLYn=\;fWG%~u1yj4oxK6ePm}C1}|X3 }qi-@sn"b drhJf. The business world viewed, A large factor that influenced the agricultural shift was the basis of our economy, in the late 1920s we were transitioning from a primary farming economy to a more industrial economy and that prompted many people to move to the cities where jobs were being created faster then people could fill them. Our discrete-time event-history analysis shows that urban women exhibit fertility rates that are, on average, 11% lower than those of rural women, but the effects vary by parity. without conscious efforts and interventions by municipal and metropolitan authorities. All these activities are as a result of urbanisation. Among the three variables related to market access or public infrastructure, the marginal effect of input use is positive only for the access to public transportation variable. Urbanization Like rural-urban migration, international migration is a double-edged sword to families, furnishing economic benefits through remittances, but also breaking the social bonds that sustain families. WebThe Effects of Urbanization: The Music of the Kasena People of Ghana Music plays a vital role in the lives of many people in Ghana. have confronted this demographic explosion, urban management has become all the more TRANSITION IN GHANA: URBANIZATION, Urbanisation has brought about the development of slums and shanty towns in those terms of travel time and distance has to be borne by the urban dwellers. Using mixed methods, this paper explored the conditions under which Rising through Cities in Ghana: The time for action is now to fully The share of farmers using mechanization (mostly tractors for land preparation) doubled from 17 percent in 2005/6 to 33 percent in 2012/13 (based on GLSS5 and GLSS6 data). Email: paus160@yahoo.com Changing family systems in Ghana and its effects on One acquired his or her identity from the group and depended on the group for physical and social survival. The following outlines some of the In examining these relationships, the authors recognize that there have been distinct spatial patterns of urbanization in Ghana, and urbanization has not affected agriculture equally throughout the country. Though transport operators are making profit which is contributing to One significant effects of rapid urbanisation is access to housing or shelter. Membership in families varies in different African communities from adopted and fostered children to servants, slaves and their children, as among the Baganda of Uganda. in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis as a result of the emergence of oil and gas industry, transport been the dramatic demographic shift from rural areas to the cities. However, urbanization has been especially rapid in the past two decades, as shown in Figure 5.1. Some insights about this can be gained from the GLSS data. The principle that guides relationships is that of Ubuntu or you are because we are and the extended family thus becomes a means of social, psychological, moral, material and spiritual support through thick and thin. Similar As cities and towns grow, municipal Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation of integrated planning across jurisdictional boundaries; weak rural-urban linkages, limited data Another scourge that has led to the downward spiral of the African family is domestic violence, a taboo subject which, despite well intentioned legislation, has continued unabated to wreck families. FarmNonfarm Linkages in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa. (FAIR, Urbanization may be driven by local or global economic and social changes, and most of the time is the product of industrialization. The share of farm households using machinery also increased with farm size in both the North and South, but more so in the agriculturally important North. Similar patterns of change occurred on average in both the North and South. Ghana has always been relatively urbanized compared to other African countries. the many challenges in the cities such as theft, insecurity, etc. Table 5.4 confirms a widely held view that the rural poverty rate is much higher in the North than in the South; in fact the poverty rate was nearly twice as high in the North as in the South in in 2012/13 (54.4 percent compared to 28.9 percent). Thus, rather than any pattern of induced fertilizer adoption from urbanization, these data suggest that the main drivers of increased fertilizer use may have been a) the need to maintain soil fertility and crop yields in the North as fallow periods were shortened, and b) possibly the introduction the governments fertilizer subsidy policy in 2007/8. First, the minimum threshold of 5000 habitants is unrealistic because it dates back to the 1960 census when the country had a. The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. It is an inter-sectoral phenomenon involving all aspects From 2005/6 to 2012/13, the predicted probability of using herbicides/insecticides and mechanization increases by 34.6 percent and 14.9 percent, respectively, while the predicted probability of hiring labor decreases by 7.43 percent, indicating a possible substitution of labor by machinery and herbicides.
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