hetch hetchy controversy apush

These clean and comfortable rooms also enjoy access to the pool, spa and other facilities at Yosemite Westgate Lodge. You could then scuba ElCapitan down to the valley floor. If youre a poet, if youre religious or spiritual, or youre an artist, youre probably a Muir person. A few became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and corporate managers. First mass organization among women devoted to social reform. On this trip were Gifford Pinchot, a young forester who would eventually become the first chief of the U.S. Forest Service, and John Muir, the most famous naturalist in American history. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. How did this affect other professions? William Howard Taft Hetch Hetchy, for the time being, was safe, and it would not be inundated during Roosevelts watch.. Montana In the 1890s, America faced an environmentalcrisis. Franklin Lane served as the attorney for the city of San Francisco in 1903. Who was picked to be Roosevelt's successor? o Efforts to limit the power of the party and improve the quality of elected officials. Why did progressives place a high value on knowledge and expertise? Hetch Hetchy Environmental Debates | National Archives . . What was the WCTU? Tammany Hall: He connected the new forests to his beloved national parks, he wrote of God in nature, he compared the commissions congressional opponents to yellowjackets in a horses ear. In 1900, the emergence of research laboratories in American corporations. For example, plan to stop at the Lucky Buck Cafe on your way to or from a day of exploring Yosemite. According to a local legend, Nate spotted a valley to the east that was too far to visit. March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers. What did the congressional elections of 1910 show? o New York City police commissioner Why did some progressives oppose business? Why did many progressives want to eliminate alcohol from American life? Using executive powers, Roosevelt restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped government landmost in the Westadding them to the previously modest national forest system. What made Wilson look towards reform issues once again? Glaciers followed these low-points, leaving their own marks in particular carving out the characteristic U-shaped valley with steep sides and wide floor. What caused a division between the president and the conservative wing of his party? These helped to advance the Hetch Hetchy - Wikipedia Chapter 28 APUSH Flashcards - Cram.com The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the federal government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. Their rivalry spoke to rivalries at the core of the American experience. Slow down and spend the day at Tenaya Lake a beautiful and easy-to-get-to alpine lake cupped by granite domes. Helped turn his state into what reformers across the nation called the "laboratory of progressivism". Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. Through the manipulation of water, the company also had the power to determine which real estate became valuable and which languished. Utilizing its superior resources, the city produced a detailed report which made a compelling case that, far from damaging the beauty of Yosemite, the dam would actually enhance it. In the sum of American economic expansion the intrusion might have seemed a minor, obscure matter, but to [John] Muir immense issues were involved: why had the nation preserved that pure wildness in the first place? From 1908-1913, Congress debated legislation to supply the city of San Francisco with water by damming the Hetch Hetchy Valley. In the mountainous West, land set aside for homesteading sat unclaimed, too distant and treacherous for prospective farmers, and entirely unprotected by the government. He was able to create balance and win reelection in 1904. Describe the emergence of the "New Woman" at the end of the nineteenth century. But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing population, and saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. He had to then appease both the conservatives and progressives. This set the groundwork for the creation of the U.S. Forest Service in 1905, which Pinchot would head. o 146 workers (most women) died. Over the next decade, he produced fifteen large oils that transformed the valley into a dreamland unlike anything that ever met mortal eye.. Sheep roamed across these unclaimed lands, clearing grass for miles. Richard Ballinger was appointed his Interior Secretary. And in a larger sense, the waters of California served as the converting agents. Unions: There are many places to stop and enjoy views of the rushing water before turning around to return to your car. Hetch Hetchy was a beautiful valley in Yosemite. He had journeyed to Washington to lobby the federal government on behalf of the project. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. movement. . o Moved mayoral elections to years when no presidential or congressional races were being held. Some clubs were important in winning passage of state (and ultimately federal) laws that regulated the food and drug industries, reformed policies with Native Americans, urban housing, manufacture and sale of alcohol, child labor laws, women's pensions. APUSH Chapter 22 Flashcards | Quizlet In these magazines he articulated the diverse system that we now understand as public lands, a system that combines the preservation of national parks like Yosemite with a system of forests, protected by the federal government but open to every Americans use. But Hetch Hetchy was a federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park. neither A nor B, Which statement regarding the controversy over Hetch Hetchy Valley is FALSE? Utopian vision of a Harvard forestry grad, Scam Advisory: Recent reports indicate that individuals are posing as the NEH on email and social media. Men and municipalities who wish something for nothing will encroach upon them, if permitted. As of 2013, the water storage and hydroelectric power supplied by the Hetch Hetchy Project serviced an estimated 2.6 million people in the San Francisco Bay Area. o Initiative: allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislation Prominent sponsors of the dam proposal, particularly (by then former) Mayor James Phelan and city engineer Marsdon Manson (and later his successor, Michael OShaughnessy), quietly lobbied key figures in the government, trusting that the appeal of municipal water and power would easily win supporters amid the prevailing progressive political climate. AMA called for strict, scientific standards. The grassroots organization of environmental activism, established by John Muir and his supporters, became a model for future environmentalists. suffered defeat). What was the Hetch-Hetchy controversy? The walls of both are of gray granite, rise abruptly out of the flowery grass and groves are sculptured in the same style, and in both every rock is a glacial monument., (Source: Journal of Sierra Nevada History & Biography, Hetch-Hetchy, Natural History Before The Dam, Joe Medeiros), In defense of Hetch Hetchy, Muir crafted some of his most famous prose. What was the Hetch Hetchy controversy Apush? - Kyoto2.org o Rejected political action in favor of strikesgeneral strikes. How much NorCal reservoirs shot up a week after big storm - SFGATE Horace Albright, the second director of the National Park Service, wrote that Franklin Lanes appointment to the cabinet was made specifically for the purpose of pushing this [Hetch Hetchy project], the so-called Raker-Pittman Bill. (Source: The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy, Robert W. Righter). As surely as forests provided timber, so did they provide beauty, inspiration, and the renewal of over-citified spirits. What sparked the settlement house movement? National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. Describe the founding of the NAACP. John Muir stands with President Theodore Roosevelt on Glacier Point in Yosemite National Park in 1903. On a national stage, Hetch Hetchy became caught in the cross fire between the interests of private utilities ownership and those of municipal ownership. But camped together beside jewel-like Lake McDonald in what would become Glacier National Park, they took a liking to each other. Government should regulate Second, dams slow rivers. What are some of the issues clubs addressed? If the nation set aside some natural places as especially sacred, how far beyond their borders should a sense of the sacred extend? desirable activities get fewer resources than they deserve? They formed an alliance around the belief that natural places like Lake McDonald were important enough for the federal government to permanently ownand manage. Photo: Kim Lawson. Enjoy elegant touches like wrap-around porches, and fresh-baked cookies served daily. 10th Grade. Monroe was a Chicago poet who joined Muir and others on their 1908 and 1909 outings to the valley. Other forms of change: o Divorce rate grew. Why? o Declining family size Indeed, the battle over Hetch Hetchy may have been a little-known contributor to the permanent alignment of American politics it was the tension between Ballinger and Pinchot that set in motion the events that lead to the split mentioned above. On the other, the drowned valley has become an oasis of solitude in a national park that, in many places, has come to resemble a shopping mall parking lot more than a nature reserve. If, on the other hand, San Francisco gained control, it would signal in important victory for public power resulting in lower rates for the people. In national parks, preservation reigns king, the natural world kept, as best it can be, in its natural state. He read the book written by Upton SinclairThe JungleRoosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act. Once again, the political pendulum had swung. And if youre an engineer or a manager, or if youre interested in fairness or democratic processes, youre probably a Pinchot person. And yet, for Clayton, these differences deepen the story of the two mens cooperation as much as their rivalry. By 1919, 39 states had granted women the right to vote in at least some elections. Five country-chic rooms in the main building include en suite bathrooms, free WiFi and electric fireplaces. o They advocated a single union for all workers and abolition of the "wage slave" system The commission took a four-month tour of the American West, surveying and ultimately recommending that the government assume protection of more than 21 million acres of forest across 13 reserves. It pitted a powerful city against a dedicated group of conservationists. respond? They refused to support the war effortgrowing It carried workers and materials for the dam, as well as tourists, postage and other amenities. APUSH Chapter 21 Vocabulary Flashcards 02/08/2011. As well dam for water-tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man . The same features that make Hetch Hetchy Valley so spectacular also make it an ideal location for a dam. In March 1907, the stock market crashed because of over-expansion and poor speculation. While opponents of the dam were hard pressed for financial support, the city of San Franciscos campaign was well financed. But the Hetch Hetchy Valley was within the confines of Yosemite National Park. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the Federal Government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. Why did voter turnout decline in the early twentieth century? injustices. o Led by Eugene Debs Gifford Pinchot: A 2021 Lesson From Americas First Forester, Meet The Real Life Batman & Robin Of The National Parks, Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern Environmentalism, Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir, 10 EPIC Things to Do at Pinnacles National Park (Expert Guide) 2023, 25 MUST-SEE California Landmarks (Expert Guide + Photos). welfare is dependent on the welfare of society as a whole. For Muir, damming Hetch Hetchy was a blasphemy. . As we all know, there is no use of water that is higher than the domestic use., He went on to say, We come straight to the question of whether the advantage of leaving this valley in a state of nature is greater than the advantage of using it for the benefit of the city of San Francisco.. As we learned from Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, humankind can damage the environment while attempting to control it. Located at 3,900 feet, it boasts one of the longest hiking seasons in the park. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Its a a wonderful place to see spring waterfalls and wildflower displays. What was the most important source of reform in the West? But it was later struck down by the court. Consequently, he disagreed with Muir about the ethics of damming the valley and supported the creation of a water reservoir. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism | Oxford Academic Online ISBN: 9780199788934 Print ISBN: 9780195149470 Publisher: Oxford University Press Book The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism Get access Robert W. Righter Most turned to "helping" professionssociety considered domestic and suitable for women: On the one hand, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is an incontrovertible stain on the map of American environmentalism. What dramatically weakened the socialists? Subsequent proposals for development in our national parks have been defeated by citizen activists inspired by calls to remember Hetch Hetchy. Total Cards. Before they could break ground at the OShaughnessy Dam, more infrastructure was required. The trail continues to climb for 1.8 miles (2.8 km) above the trail intersection, but you can turn around any time. What was the goal of the American Medical Association? They wanted a federal law making lynching illegal. Chapter 20 APUSH Flashcards | Quizlet o Referendum: provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the They suggest that draining the reservoir and turning Hetch Hetchy Valley into a tourist center similar to Yosemite Valley could be worth up to $178 million per year. Muir famously said, Dam Hetch Hetchy! Chapter 20 APUSH Flashcards | Quizlet C. Funding for public education was highest in rural areas. Robert La Follette: governor of Wisconsin. Explain the success of the child-labor laws supported by Wilson. In: Educational Resources, History, National Parks, Your email address will not be published. Recall: Initiative and Referendum Called for arbitration between the groups. Put another way, if Congress denied the city of San Francisco the Hetch Hetchy Valley, the California Progressive leaders suspected that it would only be a matter of time before the emerging Pacific Gas and Electric Company would grab the area. Only a tiny proportion of Yosemites visitors explore this out-of-the-way corner of the national park. You could miss this small mountain community if you blink at the wrong time, but it is home to a few remarkable small businesses. Legal walls must be built about them for defense, for every park will be attacked. Environmentalists lost what was the opening battle in a fight to preserve Americas natural wonders. Then, in 1906, a devastating earthquake caused a series of fires in San Francisco that destroyed 25,000 buildings across 490 city blocks. Frenemies John Muir and Gifford Pinchot Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. Women found themselves excluded from most of the emerging professions. The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. What was the IWW? Aldo Leopold's visionary thinking still guides today's environmental stewards. As a 13.4-mile (21.4 km) round-trip hike, Rancheria Falls gets fewer day-hikers than Wapama Falls but is a popular backpacking stop. The second concept is preservation. Between 1908 and 1913, Congress debated whether to make a water resource available or preserve a wilderness when the growing city of San Francisco, California proposed building a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley to provide a steady water supply. Forests might provide for the material well-being of human beings, but they did not exist for this reason alone. While the debate goes on, Hetch Hetchy remains a relaxing and often-overlooked corner of the park much to the delight of hikers and backpackers who prefer less touristy experiences. For Pinchot, nature was a resource that ought to be sustainably shared among the most people possible. Muir would die just over a year later, and many would define Hetch Hetchy as the tragic climax of his life. Calculate the return on investment for 2,0002,0002,000 shares of a mutual fund purchased with an offer price of $15.83\$ 15.83$15.83 if the shares were sold with a NAV of $18.72\$ 18.72$18.72. Challenges to traditional partiesGreenbacks, Populism, Mugwumps (Independent Republicans) Secret ballotsprinted by the government and distributed at the polls to be filled out and deposited in secrethelped chip away at the power of the parties over voters. Chapter 28 APUSH Flashcards | CourseNotes He was upset with Taft and felt he was the only one that could reunite the Republican Party. Preservationist groups such as the Sierra Club lobby for the restoration of the valley, while others argue that leaving the dam in place would be the better economic and environmental decision. As well dam for water tanks the peoples cathedrals and churches, for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man.'. John Muir ( / mjr / MURE; April 21, 1838 - December 24, 1914), [1] also known as "John of the Mountains" and "Father of the National Parks ", [2] [3] was an influential Scottish-American [4] [5] : 42 naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, botanist, zoologist, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in . As Clayton writes, the 1897 act and MuirsAtlanticandHarperspieces are as much a climax to the Muir-Pinchot story as Hetch Hetchy. o Opponents called them the "Wobblies". C. favored the direct election of United States senators. Jane Addams was an important social worker. be the Republican candidate. o Interest groups. Although Wilson got only 42% popular vote, he won an overwhelming electoral victory and a Democratic majority in congress. many other states. He would sign what is known as the 1897 Organic Act into law. The construction of the Hetch Hetchy Railroad took place from 1915 to 1918. Pinchot fought these fires in Washington. That trip is a 19.1-mile (22.9 km) out and back, or you can turn the hike into a loop that returns past Rancheria Falls (28.2 miles, 45.4 km). o Assistant secretary of the navyproponent of expansion o Strongest in urban immigrant communities and Protestant farmers in the South and Midwest A full breakfast is served in the dining room. less demanding HETCH HETCHY: The Epic Enviro Battle That Changed America In the late nineteenth century, the Granger Laws supported the interests of, 26. John Muir - Wikipedia The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era. William Howard Taft assumed the presidency in 1909he was Roosevelt's most trusted lieutenant and handpicked successor. Her influence helped spark the settlement house Garfield was responding to critics who believed that the federal governments primary responsibility was to use the nations public resources for development in the service for the greatest number of people. o Longer life expectancy Do you feel that this is still the thinking of our current society? Suffragists argued that suffrage would make important contributions to politics because of women's What was the panic of 1907? o For the next three year, a state commission studied the background of the fire and the general special experiences and special sensitivities. o Children beginning school at an earlier age, spending more time there Years before Hetch Hetchy, the two men were friends. SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION Browse all issuesSign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter. Muir argued that every remaining acre of unentered forest-bearing land in all the country . From the turn-off, the road winds for 16.5 miles up the old Hetch Hetchy railroad grade (26.5 km) to the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir, passing many lonely trails along the way. By the turn of the century, many turned their attention to the government (especially urban political machines). The water winds between granite features like Kolana Rock and Hetch Hetchy Dome. Another popular trail crosses the OShaughnessy Dam and then takes a left turn to climb steeply out of the Hetch Hetchy valley. Guests at these suites receive breakfast on their patios. o As president, he became a champion of cautious, moderate change. In his political program known as "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts Fourth, dams alter water quality. "Progressive" Amendments: 17th Amendment, 18th Amendment, 19th . secretary of the interior. Like light shining through a prism, our views today must reflect the colorful variety of perspectives passed down through history. Was the largest single reform movement of the progressive. Explain. Money became extremely tight. First, the beauty of the valley which they felt should not be sacrificed to build a dam. What reasons were given, supporting women's suffrage? What impact did Roosevelt have on American conservation? What was Roosevelt's policy towards labor? Donald Hodel, then Secretary of the Interior, suggested that the time might be ripe to remove the O . The reservoir supplies water for the city of San Francisco, so there is no recreational boating or swimming allowed. Initiative: John Muir devoted the last years of his life to opposing a dam at Hetch Hetchy.` Hetch Hetchy was the first major battle of the environmental movement. The controversy over damming Hetch Hetchy became mired in the political issues of the day. The naturalists and advocates of the dam argued for years and eventually after WWI, the dam was approved and constructed. To bring relief to the situation, United States Secretary of the Treasury George B. Cortelyou ponied up $35 million of Federal money to quell the storm. There, he met the same Indian chief and his wives. John Muir knew that without public support, the Hetch Hetchy Valley would be lost. How to Roosevelt's conservation deal meant working with the big logging companies, not the small, independent ones. Would there be any room in an acquisitive society for wildness, or for non material spiritual values?. If youre up for a driving adventure, try taking a little extra time to retrace parts of the route John Muir described in his book, My First Summer in the Sierra. Since December 19, 1913, when the Raker Act was signed by President Wilson, there has been a lamentation on the loss of Hetch Hetchy Valley. It was the second tallest dam in the U.S. at the time. The larger issues at stake would frame environmental debates for years to come. The pressure that Muir and his compatriots generated in 1908 and 1909 did not dissuade the administration from its support of the Hetch Hetchy dam, but this pressure was quite effective in the realm of electoral politics. 1920, suffragists won ratification of the Nineteenth Amendmentguaranteed political rights to women throughout the nation. What should be the fate of prairies, wetlands, or coastal marshes? Hetch Hetchy ushered in a new era for the national parks. 4.9 (8 reviews) A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. o Some did not agree with a restriction on immigration: employers (immigrants = cheap labor), immigrants themselves, and their political representatives. Hull House Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy families. Hetch Hetchy: Pros and Cons of Restoration - Yosemite Tales Most people turn around here anyway. The text of this article is available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: Originally published as Friends of the Land: John Muir and Gifford Pinchotin the Winter 2020issue ofHumanitiesmagazine, a publication of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Please notify us at@emailif you are republishing it or have any questions. Photo: Herbert W. Gleason courtesy of the Sierra Club. professional organizations, trade associations representing businesses and This limits their ability to access spawning habitat, seek out food resources, and escape predation. What part should mountains, rivers, natural meadows or wild creatures play in American life? Should natural resources be used to serve the greatest good for the greatest number? Democrats suffered many losses in congress. San Francisco assumed from the outset that there would not be significant opposition to using the Hetch Hetchy Valley, even if it was in a national park, for the high and noble purpose of providing water to one of the nations great and growing metropolises, so their efforts in Washington, DC, were conducted discreetly. But during peak spring flow, the thundering waterfall can wash over the bridge making it dangerous to cross. 20. o "Antimonopoly": fear of concentrated powerneed to limit and disperse authority and wealth. You can expect one (short) email per week. APUSH Framework. Ultimately, after Cleveland threw out a congressional bill to withhold appropriations for the Forest Commissions new reserves, the issue landed at the feet of President William McKinley. Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. He was a firm believer in utilitarian conservation. The gently rolling terrain has excellent views of the water and eye-catching Kolana Rock, which towers roughly 2,000 feet above. Direct Primary and Recall In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of, When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt Should nature be left alone so that flora and fauna flourish while people enjoy its primal wonders? They fished together and talked long hours into the night. positive or normative? Did Roosevelt run for a third term? The exploitation of Californias natural resources continued unabated in the years leading up to Hetch Hetchy. the 1914 elections. Born in Massachusetts, educated at Fisk University and Harvard. Be specific. Let us introduce you to some of the unique giant sequoia groves in the Yosemite Mariposa County area the Merced, Tuolumne, and Mariposa Groves are inside Yosemite National Park, and the Nelder Grove is just outside the park boundary to the south. The commission reported their recommendations to President Grover Cleveland in 1889, engulfing Cleveland, Pinchot, and the rest of the commission in a political firestorm. o Banning campaign contributions by corporations Some opposed "bigness" because the considered it inefficient. Aspire to be professionals. How did Roosevelt respond to Taft's presidency? Roosevelt loved being president. Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular high-walled valley within Yosemite National Park. For Pinchot, a close friend and adviser to the president, this was an obvious choice. As Muir famously protested: Dam Hetch Hetchy? Most reformers agreed that the growing immigrant population had created social problems. Hetch Hetchy - Yosemite National Park (U.S. National Park Service) This time, in favor of those who wanted to build the dam. Pinchot was recognized as a leader of the conservation movement. Subjects: 28 apush chapter . The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13 Additional Resources in the Library of Congress The Library of Congress's General Collections include many materials related to the Hetch Hetchy controversy: books, pamphlets, and government documents.
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